Since she joined the Bank in 1993 as a country economist in the Eastern Africa Department, she has held various positions in the Africa Region, the Middle East and North Africa Region and the Development Research Group, and was co-director of the 2004 World Development Report Making Services Work for Poor People. In 2004-08 she was the World Bank country director based in South Africa. Prior to joining the Bank, Mrs. Reinikka was researcher at the Centre for the Study of African Economies in the University of Oxford and the Helsinki School of Economics. She has also held operational positions at UNICEF and with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Finland. She holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Oxford.